Pb, Bi, and rare earth free X6R barium titanate–sodium niobate ceramics for high voltage capacitor applications

0.9Ba(Ti1xMgx)O3x-0.1NaNbO3 (BTNN-100xMg) solid solutions are investigated with a view to developing Bi, Pb, and rare earth free, high voltage multilayer ceramic capacitors. Mg doping on the B-site significantly reduced the electronic conductivity and resulted in ceramics that could withstand a pulsed unipolar field of >300 kV/cm (Emax) to give a recoverable energy density of 3.4 J/cm3 at 82.6% efficiency for x ¼ 0.01. The high Emax is accompanied by a high dielectric permittivity (e0 1700 at room temperature) with temperature-stable dielectric permittivity of De/e298K � 615% and loss tangent tan d < 0.02 from 116 to 378 K, corresponding to an X6R designation in the Electronic Industry Alliance codes