Discussion of development processes in insect-fungus association derived from the shaggy parasol fruiting on the nests of hairy wood ants

1. Chlorophyllum rhacodes, typically regarded as a rich grassland or open forest “mush‐room” species, was found fruiting abundantly on nests of Formica lugubris, occurring in a Pinus silvestris plantation. Fruiting was absent from the rest of the woodland.2. Research focussed on the activities in the nests that could explain this. Within nests, there was a spatial relationship between C. rhacodes mycelium, insect ca‐davers, fruitbody initiation, and roots of adjacent trees.3. In vitro experiments found that C. rhacodes was not mycorrhizal with P. silvestris, but that it had qualities which rendered it suitable for colonization of the rhizos‐phere in the conditions of the nest mound and for further niche development.4. Implications of the unusual presence of fruit‐bodies and the distribution of as‐sociated hyphae are discussed in relation to the nutritional biology (and recent taxonomical reassignment) of the fungus. This includes reference to the relevant physiology of insects and to the accepted evolution of mutualistic symbioses be‐tweenfungiandtheAttiniandTermitidae.5. Anargumentispresentedthatthesituationobservedinvivoprovidesevidenceof a degree of facultative association and what could be tangible support for the theory for the developmental origin of mutualistic fungus cultivation by insects. It is presented as a context for continued experimental research.