Oblique impact of a rotating elastic solid on a deformable surface

Dynamic impacts of objects on surfaces are very important in the world of sport. In some sports elastic deformation occurs in the ball (if there is one) while in others elastic/plastic deformation occurs in the surface. A golf shot begins with an elastic impact between the ball and the club followed by flight through the air and a complex impact involving slip and rotation in which the turf is permanently deformed. This paper researches the factors involved in the ball/turf impact using both experimental and numerical techniques.