Strategies to Counter Artificial Intelligence in Law Enforcement: Cross-Country Comparison of Citizens in Greece, Italy and Spain

BAYERL, Petra Saskia, AKHGAR, Babak, LA MATTINA, Ernesto, PIRILLO, Barbara, COTOI, Ioana, ARIU, Davide, MAURI, Matteo, GARCIA, Jorge, KAVALLIEROS, Dimitris, KARDARA, Antonia and KARAGIORGOU, Konstantina (2021). Strategies to Counter Artificial Intelligence in Law Enforcement: Cross-Country Comparison of Citizens in Greece, Italy and Spain. In: 20th International Conference on Information & Knowledge Engineering (IKE'21), Las Vegas, USA, 26 July 2021- 29 July 2021. Cham, Switzerland, Springer. (Unpublished) [Conference or Workshop Item]

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Abstract
This paper investigates citizens’ counter-strategies to the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) by law enforcement agencies(LEAs). Based on information from three countries (Greece, Italy and Spain) we demonstrate disparities in the likelihood of ten specific counter-strategies. We further identified factors that increase the propensity for counter-strategies. Our study provides an important new perspective to societal impacts of security-focused AI applications by illustrating the conscious, strategic choices by citizens when confronted with AI capabilities for LEAs.
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