RIGBY, Jessica, DIXON, Derek, KLOUZEK, Jaroslav, POKORNY, Richard, THOMPSON, Paul, SCRIMSHIRE, Alex, KRUGER, Albert, BELL, Anthony and BINGHAM, Paul (2023). Alternative reductants for foam control during vitrification of high-iron High Level Waste (HLW) feeds. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 608: 122240.
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Abstract
Foaming during vitrification of radioactive waste in Joule-Heated Ceramic Melters (JHCM) is exacerbated by trapping of evolving gases, such as CO2, NOx and O2, beneath a viscous reaction layer. Foaming restricts heat transfer during melting. Sucrose is employed as the baseline additive at the Hanford site in Washington State, USA to reduce foaming. Alternative carbon-based reductant additives were explored in simulated, inactive Hanford high-iron HLW-NG-Fe2 feeds, for both their effect on foaming and to give insight to the behaviour of multivalent species in glass melts under different redox conditions. Graphite, coke (93% C), formic acid and HEDTA additives were compared with sucrose, and a feed with no additive. Graphite and coke additions proved most effective in reducing the maximum foam volume by 51 ± 3% and 54 ± 2%, respectively, compared with 24 ± 5% for sucrose. Lower foaming could result in more efficient vitrification in JHCMs. Reductants also affected redox ratios in the multivalent species present in the feed. The order of reduction, Mn3+/Mn2+ > Cr6+/Cr3+ > Ce3+/Ce4+ > Fe3+/Fe2+ was as predicted on the basis of their redox potentials. There is less reduction overall, particularly in the Fe3+ → Fe2+, than predicted by the calculations, attributed to the oxygenated atmosphere of the experiments.
Item Type: | Article |
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Uncontrolled Keywords: | 0204 Condensed Matter Physics; 0912 Materials Engineering; Applied Physics; 3403 Macromolecular and materials chemistry; 4016 Materials engineering; 5104 Condensed matter physics |
Identification Number: | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2023.122240 |
SWORD Depositor: | Symplectic Elements |
Depositing User: | Symplectic Elements |
Date Deposited: | 27 Feb 2023 16:45 |
Last Modified: | 10 Mar 2023 12:47 |
URI: | https://shura.shu.ac.uk/id/eprint/31558 |
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