Peering down the sink: a review of isoprene metabolism by bacteria.

Isoprene (2-methyl-1,3-butadiene) is emitted to the atmosphere each year in sufficient quantities to rival methane (>500 Tg C yr^-1 ), primarily due to emission by trees and other plants. Chemical reactions of isoprene with other atmospheric compounds, such as hydroxyl radicals and inorganic nitrogen species (NO_x ), have implications for global warming and local air quality, respectively. For many years, it has been estimated that soil-dwelling bacteria consume a significant amount of isoprene (~20 Tg C yr^-1 ), but the mechanisms underlying the biological sink for isoprene have been poorly understood. Studies have indicated or confirmed the ability of diverse bacterial genera to degrade isoprene, whether by the canonical iso-type isoprene degradation pathway or through other less well-characterised mechanisms. Here, we review current knowledge of isoprene metabolism and highlight key areas for further research. In particular, examples of isoprene-degraders which do not utilise the isoprene monooxygenase have been identified in recent years. This has fascinating implications both for the mechanism of isoprene uptake by bacteria, but also for the ecology of isoprene-degraders in the environments.