Global, regional, and national cancer incidence, mortality, years of life lost, years lived with disability, and disability-adjusted life-years for 29 cancer groups, 1990 to 2017

FITZMAURICE, Christina, ABATE, Degu, ABBASI, Naghmeh, ABBASTABAR, Hedayat, ABD-ALLAH, Foad, ABDEL-RAHMAN, Omar, ABDELALIM, Ahmed, ABDOLI, Amir, ABDOLLAHPOUR, Ibrahim, ABDULLE, Abdishakur SM, ABEBE, Nebiyu Dereje, ABRAHA, Haftom Niguse, ABU-RADDAD, Laith Jamal, ABUALHASAN, Ahmed, ADEDEJI, Isaac Akinkunmi, ADVANI, Shailesh M, AFARIDEH, Mohsen, AFSHARI, Mahdi, AGHAALI, Mohammad, AGIUS, Dominic, AGRAWAL, Sutapa, AHMADI, Ayat, AHMADIAN, Elham, AHMADPOUR, Ehsan, AHMED, Muktar Beshir, AKBARI, Mohammad Esmaeil, AKINYEMIJU, Tomi, AL-ALY, Ziyad, ALABDULKADER, Assim M, ALAHDAB, Fares, ALAM, Tahiya, ALAMENE, Genet Melak, ALEMNEW, Birhan Tamene T, ALENE, Kefyalew Addis, ALINIA, Cyrus, ALIPOUR, Vahid, ALJUNID, Syed Mohamed, BAKESHEI, Fatemeh Allah, ALMADI, Majid Abdulrahman Hamad, ALMASI-HASHIANI, Amir, ALSHARIF, Ubai, ALSOWAIDI, Shirina, ALVIS-GUZMAN, Nelson, AMINI, Erfan, AMINI, Saeed, AMOAKO, Yaw Ampem, ANBARI, Zohreh, ANBER, Nahla Hamed, ANDREI, Catalina Liliana, ANJOMSHOA, Mina, ANSARI, Fereshteh, ANSARIADI, Ansariadi, APPIAH, Seth Christopher Yaw, ARAB-ZOZANI, Morteza, ARABLOO, Jalal, AREFI, Zohreh, AREMU, Olatunde, ARERI, Habtamu Abera, ARTAMAN, Al, ASAYESH, Hamid, ASFAW, Ephrem Tsegay, ASHAGRE, Alebachew Fasil, ASSADI, Reza, ATAEINIA, Bahar, ATALAY, Hagos Tasew, ATARO, Zerihun, ATIQUE, Suleman, AUSLOOS, Marcel, AVILA-BURGOS, Leticia, AVOKPAHO, Euripide FGA, AWASTHI, Ashish, AWOKE, Nefsu, AYALA QUINTANILLA, Beatriz Paulina, AYANORE, Martin Amogre, AYELE, Henok Tadesse, BABAEE, Ebrahim, BACHA, Umar, BADAWI, Alaa, BAGHERZADEH, Mojtaba, BAGLI, Eleni, BALAKRISHNAN, Senthilkuimar, BALOUCHI, Abbas, BÄRNIGHAUSEN, Till Winfried, BATTISTA, Robert J, BEHZADIFAR, Masoud, BEHZADIFAR, Meysam, BEKELE, Bayu Begashaw, BELAY, Yared Belete, BELAYNEH, Yaschilal Muche, BERFIELD, Kathleen Kim Sachiko, BERHANE, Adugnaw, BERNABE, Eduardo, BEURAN, Mircea, BHAKTA, Nickhill, BHATTACHARYYA, Krittika, BIADGO, Belete, BIJANI, Ali, BIN SAYEED, Muhammad Shahdaat, BIRUNGI, Charles, BISIGNANO, Catherine, BITEW, Helen, BJØRGE, Tone, BLEYER, Archie, BOGALE, Kassawmar Angaw, BOJIA, Hunduma Amensisa, BORZÌ, Antonio M, BOSETTI, Cristina, BOU-ORM, Ibrahim R, BRENNER, Hermann, BREWER, Jerry D, BRIKO, Andrey Nikolaevich, BRIKO, Nikolay Ivanovich, BUSTAMANTE-TEIXEIRA, Maria Teresa, BUTT, Zahid A, CARRERAS, Giulia, CARRERO, Juan J, CARVALHO, Félix, CASTRO, Clara, CASTRO, Franz, CATALÁ-LÓPEZ, Ferrán, CERIN, Ester, CHAIAH, Yazan, CHANIE, Wagaye Fentahun, CHATTU, Vijay Kumar, CHATURVEDI, Pankaj, CHAUHAN, Neelima Singh, CHEHRAZI, Mohammad, CHIANG, Peggy Pei-Chia, CHICHIABELLU, Tesfaye Yitna, CHIDO-AMAJUOYI, Onyema Greg, CHIMED-OCHIR, Odgerel, CHOI, Jee-Young J, CHRISTOPHER, Devasahayam J, CHU, Dinh-Toi, CONSTANTIN, Maria-Magdalena, COSTA, Vera M, CROCETTI, Emanuele, CROWE, Christopher Stephen, CURADO, Maria Paula, DAHLAWI, Saad MA, DAMIANI, Giovanni, DARWISH, Amira Hamed, DARYANI, Ahmad, DAS NEVES, José, DEMEKE, Feleke Mekonnen, DEMIS, Asmamaw Bizuneh, DEMISSIE, Birhanu Wondimeneh, DEMOZ, Gebre Teklemariam, DENOVA-GUTIÉRREZ, Edgar, DERAKHSHANI, Afshin, DERIBE, Kalkidan Solomon, DESAI, Rupak, DESALEGN, Beruk Berhanu, DESTA, Melaku, DEY, Subhojit, DHARMARATNE, Samath Dhamminda, DHIMAL, Meghnath, DIAZ, Daniel, DINBERU, Mesfin Tadese Tadese, DJALALINIA, Shirin, DOKU, David Teye, DRAKE, Thomas M, DUBEY, Manisha, DUBLJANIN, Eleonora, DUKEN, Eyasu Ejeta, EBRAHIMI, Hedyeh, EFFIONG, Andem, EFTEKHARI, Aziz, EL SAYED, Iman, ZAKI, Maysaa El Sayed, EL-JAAFARY, Shaimaa I, EL-KHATIB, Ziad, ELEMINEH, Demelash Abewa, ELKOUT, Hajer, ELLENBOGEN, Richard G, ELSHARKAWY, Aisha, EMAMIAN, Mohammad Hassan, ENDALEW, Daniel Adane, ENDRIES, Aman Yesuf, ESHRATI, Babak, FADHIL, Ibtihal, FALLAH, Vahid, FARAMARZI, Mahbobeh, FARHANGI, Mahdieh Abbasalizad, FARIOLI, Andrea, FARZADFAR, Farshad, FENTAHUN, Netsanet, FERNANDES, Eduarda, FEYISSA, Garumma Tolu, FILIP, Irina, FISCHER, Florian, FISHER, James L, FORCE, Lisa M, FOROUTAN, Masoud, FREITAS, Marisa, FUKUMOTO, Takeshi, FUTRAN, Neal D, GALLUS, Silvano, GANKPE, Fortune Gbetoho, GAYESA, Reta Tsegaye, GEBREHIWOT, Tsegaye Tewelde, GEBREMESKEL, Gebreamlak Gebremedhn, GEDEFAW, Getnet Azeze, GELAW, Belayneh K, GETA, Birhanu, GETACHEW, Sefonias, GEZAE, Kebede Embaye, GHAFOURIFARD, Mansour, GHAJAR, Alireza, GHASHGHAEE, Ahmad, GHOLAMIAN, Asadollah, GILL, Paramjit Singh, GININDZA, Themba TG, GIRMAY, Alem, GIZAW, Muluken, GOMEZ, Ricardo Santiago, GOPALANI, Sameer Vali, GORINI, Giuseppe, GOULART, Bárbara Niegia Garcia, GRADA, Ayman, RIBEIRO GUERRA, Maximiliano, GUIMARAES, Andre Luiz Sena, GUPTA, Prakash C, GUPTA, Rahul, HADKHALE, Kishor, HAJ-MIRZAIAN, Arvin, HAJ-MIRZAIAN, Arya, HAMADEH, Randah R, HAMIDI, Samer, HANFORE, Lolemo Kelbiso, HARO, Josep Maria, HASANKHANI, Milad, HASANZADEH, Amir, HASSEN, Hamid Yimam, HAY, Roderick J, HAY, Simon I, HENOK, Andualem, HENRY, Nathaniel J, HERTELIU, Claudiu, HIDRU, Hagos D, HOANG, Chi Linh, HOLE, Michael K, HOOGAR, Praveen, HORITA, Nobuyuki, HOSGOOD, H Dean, HOSSEINI, Mostafa, HOSSEINZADEH, Mehdi, HOSTIUC, Mihaela, HOSTIUC, Sorin, HOUSEH, Mowafa, HUSSEN, Mohammedaman Mama, ILEANU, Bogdan, ILIC, Milena D, INNOS, Kaire, IRVANI, Seyed Sina Naghibi, ISEH, Kufre Robert, ISLAM, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful, ISLAMI, Farhad, JAFARI BALALAMI, Nader, JAFARINIA, Morteza, JAHANGIRY, Leila, JAHANI, Mohammad Ali, JAHANMEHR, Nader, JAKOVLJEVIC, Mihajlo, JAMES, Spencer L, JAVANBAKHT, Mehdi, JAYARAMAN, Sudha, JEE, Sun Ha, JENABI, Ensiyeh, JHA, Ravi Prakash, JONAS, Jost B, JONNAGADDALA, Jitendra, JOO, Tamas, JUNGARI, Suresh Banayya, JÜRISSON, Mikk, KABIR, Ali, KAMANGAR, Farin, KARCH, André, KARIMI, Narges, KARIMIAN, Ansar, KASAEIAN, Amir, KASAHUN, Gebremicheal Gebreslassie, KASSA, Belete, KASSA, Tesfaye Dessale, KASSAW, Mesfin Wudu, KAUL, Anil, KEIYORO, Peter Njenga, KELBORE, Abraham Getachew, KERBO, Amene Abebe, KHADER, Yousef Saleh, KHALILARJMANDI, Maryam, KHAN, Ejaz Ahmad, KHAN, Gulfaraz, KHANG, Young-Ho, KHATAB, Khaled, KHATER, Amir, KHAYAMZADEH, Maryam, KHAZAEE-POOL, Maryam, KHAZAEI, Salman, KHOJA, Abdullah T, KHOSRAVI, Mohammad Hossein, KHUBCHANDANI, Jagdish, KIANIPOUR, Neda, KIM, Daniel, KIM, Yun Jin, KISA, Adnan, KISA, Sezer, KISSIMOVA-SKARBEK, Katarzyna, KOMAKI, Hamidreza, KOYANAGI, Ai, KROHN, Kristopher J, BICER, Burcu Kucuk, KUGBEY, Nuworza, KUMAR, Vivek, KUUPIEL, Desmond, LA VECCHIA, Carlo, LAD, Deepesh P, LAKE, Eyasu Alem, LAKEW, Ayenew Molla, LAL, Dharmesh Kumar, LAMI, Faris Hasan, LAN, Qing, LASRADO, Savita, LAURIOLA, Paolo, LAZARUS, Jeffrey V, LEIGH, James, LESHARGIE, Cheru Tesema, LIAO, Yu, LIMENIH, Miteku Andualem, LISTL, Stefan, LOPEZ, Alan D, LOPUKHOV, Platon D, LUNEVICIUS, Raimundas, MADADIN, Mohammed, MAGDELDIN, Sameh, EL RAZEK, Hassan Magdy Abd, MAJEED, Azeem, MALEKI, Afshin, MALEKZADEH, Reza, MANAFI, Ali, MANAFI, Navid, MANAMO, Wondimu Ayele, MANSOURIAN, Morteza, MANSOURNIA, Mohammad Ali, MANTOVANI, Lorenzo Giovanni, MAROUFIZADEH, Saman, MARTINI, Santi Martini S, MASHAMBA-THOMPSON, Tivani Phosa, MASSENBURG, Benjamin Ballard, MASWABI, Motswadi Titus, MATHUR, Manu Raj, MCALINDEN, Colm, MCKEE, Martin, MEHERETU, Hailemariam Abiy Alemu, MEHROTRA, Ravi, MEHTA, Varshil, MEIER, Toni, MELAKU, Yohannes A, MELES, Gebrekiros Gebremichael, MELES, Hagazi Gebre, MELESE, Addisu, MELKU, Mulugeta, MEMIAH, Peter TN, MENDOZA, Walter, MENEZES, Ritesh G, MERAT, Shahin, MERETOJA, Tuomo J, MESTROVIC, Tomislav, MIAZGOWSKI, Bartosz, MIAZGOWSKI, Tomasz, MIHRETIE, Kebadnew Mulatu M, MILLER, Ted R, MILLS, Edward J, MIR, Seyed Mostafa, MIRZAEI, Hamed, MIRZAEI, Hamid Reza, MISHRA, Rashmi, MOAZEN, Babak, MOHAMMAD, Dara K, MOHAMMAD, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, MOHAMMAD, Yousef, DARWESH, Aso Mohammad, MOHAMMADBEIGI, Abolfazl, MOHAMMADI, Hiwa, MOHAMMADI, Moslem, MOHAMMADIAN, Mahdi, MOHAMMADIAN-HAFSHEJANI, Abdollah, MOHAMMADOO-KHORASANI, Milad, MOHAMMADPOURHODKI, Reza, MOHAMMED, Ammas Siraj, MOHAMMED, Jemal Abdu, MOHAMMED, Shafiu, MOHEBI, Farnam, MOKDAD, Ali H, MONASTA, Lorenzo, MOODLEY, Yoshan, MOOSAZADEH, Mahmood, MOOSSAVI, Maryam, MORADI, Ghobad, MORADI-JOO, Mohammad, MORADI-LAKEH, Maziar, MORADPOUR, Farhad, MORAWSKA, Lidia, MORGADO-DA-COSTA, Joana, MORISAKI, Naho, MORRISON, Shane Douglas, MOSAPOUR, Abbas, MOUSAVI, Seyyed Meysam, MUCHE, Achenef Asmamaw, MUHAMMED, Oumer Sada S, MUSA, Jonah, NABHAN, Ashraf R, NADERI, Mehdi, NAGARAJAN, Ahamarshan Jayaraman, NAGEL, Gabriele, NAHVIJOU, Azin, NAIK, Gurudatta, NAJAFI, Farid, NALDI, Luigi, NAM, Hae Sung, NASIRI, Naser, NAZARI, Javad, NEGOI, Ionut, NEUPANE, Subas, NEWCOMB, Polly A, NGGADA, Haruna Asura, NGUNJIRI, Josephine W, NGUYEN, Cuong Tat, NIKNIAZ, Leila, NINGRUM, Dina Nur Anggraini, NIRAYO, Yirga Legesse, NIXON, Molly R, NNAJI, Chukwudi A, NOJOMI, Marzieh, NOSRATNEJAD, Shirin, SHIADEH, Malihe Nourollahpour, OBSA, Mohammed Suleiman, OFORI-ASENSO, Richard, OGBO, Felix Akpojene, OH, In-Hwan, OLAGUNJU, Andrew T, OLAGUNJU, Tinuke O, OLUWASANU, Mojisola Morenike, OMONISI, Abidemi E, ONWUJEKWE, Obinna E, OOMMEN, Anu Mary, OREN, Eyal, ORTEGA-ALTAMIRANO, Doris DV, OTA, Erika, OTSTAVNOV, Stanislav S, OWOLABI, Mayowa Ojo, P A, Mahesh, PADUBIDRI, Jagadish Rao, PAKHALE, Smita, PAKPOUR, Amir H, PANA, Adrian, PARK, Eun-Kee, PARSIAN, Hadi, PASHAEI, Tahereh, PATEL, Shanti, PATIL, Snehal T, PENNINI, Alyssa, PEREIRA, David M, PICCINELLI, Cristiano, PILLAY, Julian David, PIRESTANI, Majid, PISHGAR, Farhad, POSTMA, Maarten J, POURJAFAR, Hadi, POURMALEK, Farshad, POURSHAMS, Akram, PRAKASH, Swayam, PRASAD, Narayan, QORBANI, Mostafa, RABIEE, Mohammad, RABIEE, Navid, RADFAR, Amir, RAFIEI, Alireza, RAHIM, Fakher, RAHIMI, Mahdi, RAHMAN, Muhammad Aziz, RAJATI, Fatemeh, RANA, Saleem M, RAOOFI, Samira, RATH, Goura Kishor, RAWAF, David Laith, RAWAF, Salman, REINER, Robert C, RENZAHO, Andre MN, REZAEI, Nima, REZAPOUR, Aziz, RIBEIRO, Ana Isabel, RIBEIRO, Daniela, RONFANI, Luca, RORO, Elias Merdassa, ROSHANDEL, Gholamreza, ROSTAMI, Ali, SAAD, Ragy Safwat, SABBAGH, Parisa, SABOUR, Siamak, SADDIK, Basema, SAFIRI, Saeid, SAHEBKAR, Amirhossein, SALAHSHOOR, Mohammad Reza, SALEHI, Farkhonde, SALEM, Hosni, SALEM, Marwa Rashad, SALIMZADEH, Hamideh, SALOMON, Joshua A, SAMY, Abdallah M, SANABRIA, Juan, SANTRIC MILICEVIC, Milena M, SARTORIUS, Benn, SARVEAZAD, Arash, SATHIAN, Brijesh, SATPATHY, Maheswar, SAVIC, Miloje, SAWHNEY, Monika, SAYYAH, Mehdi, SCHNEIDER, Ione JC, SCHÖTTKER, Ben, SEKERIJA, Mario, SEPANLOU, Sadaf G, SEPEHRIMANESH, Masood, SEYEDMOUSAVI, Seyedmojtaba, SHAAHMADI, Faramarz, SHABANINEJAD, Hosein, SHAHBAZ, Mohammad, SHAIKH, Masood Ali, SHAMSHIRIAN, Amir, SHAMSIZADEH, Morteza, SHARAFI, Heidar, SHARAFI, Zeinab, SHARIF, Mehdi, SHARIFI, Ali, SHARIFI, Hamid, SHARMA, Rajesh, SHEIKH, Aziz, SHIRKOOHI, Reza, SHUKLA, Sharvari Rahul, SI, Si, SIABANI, Soraya, SILVA, Diego Augusto Santos, SILVEIRA, Dayane Gabriele Alves, SINGH, Ambrish, SINGH, Jasvinder A, SISAY, Solomon, SITAS, Freddy, SOBNGWI, Eugène, SOOFI, Moslem, SORIANO, Joan B, STATHOPOULOU, Vasiliki, SUFIYAN, Mu’awiyyah Babale, TABARÉS-SEISDEDOS, Rafael, TABUCHI, Takahiro, TAKAHASHI, Ken, TAMTAJI, Omid Reza, TARAWNEH, Mohammed Rasoul, TASSEW, Segen Gebremeskel, TAYMOORI, Parvaneh, TEHRANI-BANIHASHEMI, Arash, TEMSAH, Mohamad-Hani, TEMSAH, Omar, TESFAY, Berhe Etsay, TESFAY, Fisaha Haile, TESHALE, Manaye Yihune, TESSEMA, Gizachew Assefa, THAPA, Subash, TLAYE, Kenean Getaneh, TOPOR-MADRY, Roman, TOVANI-PALONE, Marcos Roberto, TRAINI, Eugenio, TRAN, Bach Xuan, TRAN, Khanh Bao, TSADIK, Afewerki Gebremeskel, ULLAH, Irfan, UTHMAN, Olalekan A, VACANTE, Marco, VAEZI, Maryam, VARONA PÉREZ, Patricia, VEISANI, Yousef, VIDALE, Simone, VIOLANTE, Francesco S, VLASSOV, Vasily, VOLLSET, Stein Emil, VOS, Theo, VOSOUGHI, Kia, VU, Giang Thu, VUJCIC, Isidora S, WABINGA, Henry, WACHAMO, Tesfahun Mulatu, WAGNEW, Fasil Shiferaw, WAHEED, Yasir, WELDEGEBREAL, Fitsum, WELDESAMUEL, Girmay Teklay, WIJERATNE, Tissa, WONDAFRASH, Dawit Zewdu, WONDE, Tewodros Eshete, WONDMIENEH, Adam Belay, WORKIE, Hailemariam Mekonnen, YADAV, Rajaram, YADEGAR, Abbas, YADOLLAHPOUR, Ali, YASERI, Mehdi, YAZDI-FEYZABADI, Vahid, YESHANEH, Alex, YIMAM, Mohammed Ahmed, YIMER, Ebrahim M, YISMA, Engida, YONEMOTO, Naohiro, YOUNIS, Mustafa Z, YOUSEFI, Bahman, YOUSEFIFARD, Mahmoud, YU, Chuanhua, ZABEH, Erfan, ZADNIK, Vesna, MOGHADAM, Telma Zahirian, ZAIDI, Zoubida, ZAMANI, Mohammad, ZANDIAN, Hamed, ZANGENEH, Alireza, ZAKI, Leila, ZENDEHDEL, Kazem, ZENEBE, Zerihun Menlkalew, ZEWALE, Taye Abuhay, ZIAPOUR, Arash, ZODPEY, Sanjay and MURRAY, Christopher JL (2019). Global, regional, and national cancer incidence, mortality, years of life lost, years lived with disability, and disability-adjusted life-years for 29 cancer groups, 1990 to 2017. JAMA Oncology. [Article]

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Abstract
Importance Cancer and other noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are now widely recognized as a threat to global development. The latest United Nations high-level meeting on NCDs reaffirmed this observation and also highlighted the slow progress in meeting the 2011 Political Declaration on the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases and the third Sustainable Development Goal. Lack of situational analyses, priority setting, and budgeting have been identified as major obstacles in achieving these goals. All of these have in common that they require information on the local cancer epidemiology. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study is uniquely poised to provide these crucial data. Objective To describe cancer burden for 29 cancer groups in 195 countries from 1990 through 2017 to provide data needed for cancer control planning. Evidence Review We used the GBD study estimation methods to describe cancer incidence, mortality, years lived with disability, years of life lost, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs). Results are presented at the national level as well as by Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income, educational attainment, and total fertility rate. We also analyzed the influence of the epidemiological vs the demographic transition on cancer incidence. Findings In 2017, there were 24.5 million incident cancer cases worldwide (16.8 million without nonmelanoma skin cancer [NMSC]) and 9.6 million cancer deaths. The majority of cancer DALYs came from years of life lost (97%), and only 3% came from years lived with disability. The odds of developing cancer were the lowest in the low SDI quintile (1 in 7) and the highest in the high SDI quintile (1 in 2) for both sexes. In 2017, the most common incident cancers in men were NMSC (4.3 million incident cases); tracheal, bronchus, and lung (TBL) cancer (1.5 million incident cases); and prostate cancer (1.3 million incident cases). The most common causes of cancer deaths and DALYs for men were TBL cancer (1.3 million deaths and 28.4 million DALYs), liver cancer (572 000 deaths and 15.2 million DALYs), and stomach cancer (542 000 deaths and 12.2 million DALYs). For women in 2017, the most common incident cancers were NMSC (3.3 million incident cases), breast cancer (1.9 million incident cases), and colorectal cancer (819 000 incident cases). The leading causes of cancer deaths and DALYs for women were breast cancer (601 000 deaths and 17.4 million DALYs), TBL cancer (596 000 deaths and 12.6 million DALYs), and colorectal cancer (414 000 deaths and 8.3 million DALYs). Conclusions and Relevance The national epidemiological profiles of cancer burden in the GBD study show large heterogeneities, which are a reflection of different exposures to risk factors, economic settings, lifestyles, and access to care and screening. The GBD study can be used by policy makers and other stakeholders to develop and improve national and local cancer control in order to achieve the global targets and improve equity in cancer
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