Effect of a BaO-CuO-Bi2O3-B2O3 glass flux, and its processing on the dielectric properties of BaTiO3

A seriesofBaTiO3 along withvarious flux oxideshasbeensinteredstep-wiselytoyieldalowsinteringtemperature flux glasscomposition. The developedglass flux (Ba-Cu-Bi-Bsystem)wasaddedtoBaTiO3 with differentamount,andeventuallyyieldedalowsinteringtemperatureof BaTiO3 at 900 1C with7wt% flux glassaddition.Toinvestigatetheinfluence ofprocessingmethods,a flux glassshell-BaTiO3 core structure was developedbyusingseparateballmillingscheduleofglassandbariumtitanatepowders.Comparisonofresultantdielectricpropertieswas made amongdifferentprocessingmethods,andthis flux shellprocessingmethodsnotablymodifies thedielectricpropertiesofsinteredsamples comparing toconventionalprocessingmethods.Thesubsequentstructuralinformation,morphology,andphasestabilityofsinteredsampleswere investigated byInfraredspectroscopy,X-rayphotoelectronspectroscopy(XPS),scanningelectronmicroscopy(SEM)andX-raydiffraction (XRD) respectively.93wt%BaTiO3-7 wt%glasswiththe flux shellstructuredisplayedaninhibitedcubicphasegraingrowth,andareduced tetragonality associatedwithCudopingwasconfirmed byX-raydiffraction.Ahighdielectricconstant(43000) aswellasalowlossyfactor (o0.03) ofthisparticularseriesofsamplewasreported.X-rayphotoelectronspectroscopyshowedthatbridgingoxygenspeciesdecreaseswith increasing Ndaddition,indicatingthattheNdbondstotheglassnetworkasanetworkmodifier insteadofbeingdopedintoBaTiO3 lattice through the flux shell.Thus,weconcludedthattheglass flux shellplaystheroleofsinteringadditive,Cudopingion(containedinglass)carrier, and Ndaliendopantblock.