The Phytochemistry, Ethnobotanical, and Pharmacological Potentials of the Medicinal Plant-Vernonia amygdalina L. (bitter Leaf)

UGBOGU, Eziuche A., EMMANUEL, Okezie, DIKE, Emmanuel D., AGI, Grace O., UGBOGU, Ositadimma C., IBE, Chibuike and IWEALA, Emeka J. (2021). The Phytochemistry, Ethnobotanical, and Pharmacological Potentials of the Medicinal Plant-Vernonia amygdalina L. (bitter Leaf). Clinical Complementary Medicine and Pharmacology, 1 (1).

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Abstract

Background Vernonia amygdalina is traditionally used to treat a variety of diseases including diarrhoea, fungal and bacterial infections, inflammation, cancer, diabetes, and its squeezed juice can be applied on wounds. Objective This study reviewed the phytochemistry, ethnopharmacological, and pharmacological potentials of Vernonia amygdalina. Methods Literature search of relevant papers (1994-2021) were performed using ScienceDirect, Springer, Wiley and PubMed databases. For this review study, only publications written in English were utilized. Results The bioactive compounds extracted from Vernonia amygdalina includes 6β,10β,14β trimethylheptadecan-15 α-olyl-15-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-1,5 β olide, glucuronolactone, 11 α-hydroxyurs-5,12-dien-28-oic acid-3 α,25-olide, 10-geranilanyl-O-β-D-xyloside, 1-heneicosenol O-β-D-glucopyranoside, apigenin, luteolin (3´,4´,5,7tetrahydroxyflavone), vernolide, hydroxyvernolide, 3′-deoxyvernodalol , vernodalol, diterpene (ingenol-3-angelate), vernomygdin, 4-methylumbelliferone, cephantharin, cryptolepine, isocryptolepine, neocryptolepine, courmarins, vernolepin, and vernoniosides. Various in vivo and in vitro studies revealed that V. amygdalina and its bioactive components possess pharmacological activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, antimicrobial, antidiarrheal, anti-diabetic, and neuroprotective activities. Conclusion This review demonstrated that V. amygdalina possess therapeutic effects against a wide variety of diseases. The efficacy of V. amygdalina in ameliorating diseases is attributed to its antioxidant activity and ability to improve the antioxidant system. Despite the vast pharmacological activities of V. amygdalina, more human clinical trials are needed to identify effective and safe doses for treatment of various diseases.

Item Type:	Article
Additional Information:	** Article version: AM ** From Elsevier via Jisc Publications Router ** Licence for AM version of this article starting on 05-10-2021: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ **Journal IDs: issn 27723712 **History: issued 08-10-2021
Identification Number:	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccmp.2021.100006
SWORD Depositor:	Colin Knott
Depositing User:	Colin Knott
Date Deposited:	13 Oct 2021 11:58
Last Modified:	29 Nov 2021 10:30
URI:	https://shura.shu.ac.uk/id/eprint/29150

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